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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lorentz-Transformation</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Lorentz-Transformationen</b>, nach <a href="Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a>, sind spezielle <a href="Koordinatentransformation" title="Koordinatentransformation">Koordinatentransformationen</a>. Sie gehören zusammen mit ihrer Herleitung zu den Grundlagen der <a href="Spezielle_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Spezielle Relativitätstheorie">Speziellen Relativitätstheorie</a>. Sie werden in der Physik dazu verwendet, um die Beschreibung eines Vorganges von einem <a href="Bezugssystem" title="Bezugssystem">Bezugssystem</a> in ein anderes Bezugssystem zu überführen. Sie verbinden also die Zeit- und Ortskoordinaten verschiedener Bezugssysteme. Mit Hilfe dieser Zeit- und Ortskoordinaten kann ein <a href="Beobachter_(Physik)" title="Beobachter (Physik)">Beobachter</a> angeben, wann und wo Ereignisse in seinem Bezugssystem stattfinden.
</p><p>Das Äquivalent zu den Lorentz-Transformationen sind im dreidimensionalen <a href="Euklidische_Metrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklidische Metrik">euklidischen</a> Raum die <a href="Galilei-Transformation" title="Galilei-Transformation">Galilei-Transformationen</a>. So wie diese <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Abstände</a> und <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a> unverändert lassen, erhalten die Lorentz-Transformationen die Abstände in einer speziellen nichteuklidischen Raumzeit, dem <a href="Minkowskiraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowskiraum">Minkowskiraum</a>. Winkel werden im Minkowskiraum nicht erhalten, da der Minkowskiraum kein <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierter Raum</a> ist.
</p><p>Die Lorentz-Transformationen bilden im mathematischen Sinn eine <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppe</a>, die <a href="Lorentz-Gruppe" title="Lorentz-Gruppe">Lorentz-Gruppe</a>:
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<ul><li>Die Hintereinanderausführung von Lorentz-Transformationen kann als eine einzige Lorentz-Transformation beschrieben werden.</li>
<li>Die triviale Transformation von einem Bezugssystem in dasselbe ist ebenfalls eine Lorentz-Transformation.</li>
<li>Zu jeder Lorentz-Transformation existiert eine inverse Transformation, die wieder in das ursprüngliche Bezugssystem zurück transformiert.</li></ul>
<p>Unterklassen der Lorentz-Transformationen sind die diskreten Transformationen der <a href="Raumspiegelung" title="Raumspiegelung">Raumspiegelung</a>, also der Inversion aller räumlichen Koordinaten, sowie der <a href="Zeitumkehr_(Physik)" title="Zeitumkehr (Physik)">Zeitumkehr</a>, also die Umkehr des <a href="Zeitpfeil" title="Zeitpfeil">Zeitpfeils</a>, und die kontinuierlichen Transformationen der endlichen <a href="Drehung" title="Drehung">Drehung</a> sowie der <a href="Spezielle_Lorentz-Transformation" title="Spezielle Lorentz-Transformation">speziellen Lorentz-Transformationen</a> oder Lorentz-Boosts. Kontinuierliche Drehbewegungen der Koordinatensysteme gehören nicht zu den Lorentz-Transformationen. Teilweise werden auch nur die speziellen Lorentz-Transformationen verkürzend als Lorentz-Transformationen betitelt.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestandteile_der_Lorentz-Transformation">Bestandteile der Lorentz-Transformation</h3></div>
<p>Die Lorentz-Transformation umfasst alle <a href="Lineare_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Transformation">linearen Transformationen</a> der Koordinaten zwischen zwei Beobachtern. Sie sind daher Transformationen zwischen zwei <a href="Inertialsystem" title="Inertialsystem">Inertialsystemen</a>, deren Koordinatenursprung, der Bezugspunkt des Koordinatensystems zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
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</p>
<ul><li>Transformationen zwischen zwei Beobachtern, die eine unterschiedliche, konstante Geschwindigkeit besitzen, genannt <i>Lorentz-Boost</i> oder <a href="Spezielle_Lorentztransformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spezielle Lorentztransformation">spezielle Lorentz-Transformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie entsprechen einer Drehung im Raum-Zeit-Sektor des nichteuklidischen Minkowskiraums.</li>
<li><a href="Drehung" title="Drehung">Drehungen</a> der räumlichen Koordinaten</li>
<li><a href="Zeitumkehr_(Physik)" title="Zeitumkehr (Physik)">Zeit-</a> und <a href="Raumspiegelung" title="Raumspiegelung">Raumspiegelungen</a></li></ul>
<p>Jede allgemeine Lorentz-Transformation lässt sich als Hintereinanderausführung dieser Transformationen schreiben. Eine Lorentz-Transformation, bei der Spiegelungen ausgeschlossen sind und die Orientierung der Zeit erhalten ist, wird als <i>eigentliche, orthochrone</i> Lorentz-Transformation bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spezielle_Lorentz-Transformation_für_Orte_und_Zeiten"><span id="Spezielle_Lorentz-Transformation_f.C3.BCr_Orte_und_Zeiten"></span>Spezielle Lorentz-Transformation für Orte und Zeiten</h3></div>
<p>Ist der Beobachter <b>A</b> mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{x}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/704b7ad1ece77840fde455daa6d2e51e64282b5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.3ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung gegenüber einem anderen Beobachter <b>B</b> bewegt, so hängen die Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle (t',x',y',z')}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b045dfc9c358385dc3a585fdf4636924a9ef5708.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.07ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle (t',x',y',z')}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Beobachter <b>A</b> einem Ereignis zuschreibt, durch die spezielle Lorentz-Transformation
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t'&=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {v_{x}}{c^{2}}}\,x\right)\\x'&=\gamma (x-v_{x}\,t)\\y'&=y\\z'&=z\\v'_{x}&=-v_{x}\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t'&=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {v_{x}}{c^{2}}}\,x\right)\\x'&=\gamma (x-v_{x}\,t)\\y'&=y\\z'&=z\\v'_{x}&=-v_{x}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/174a1af397785a0a1704fcfdb245999afba5cd48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.671ex; width:19.754ex; height:18.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t'&=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {v_{x}}{c^{2}}}\,x\right)\\x'&=\gamma (x-v_{x}\,t)\\y'&=y\\z'&=z\\v'_{x}&=-v_{x}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit den Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (t,x,y,z)}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a200145e9f93eb70bb08ca3a835a529cd1cb263.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.723ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle t=t'=0}" loading="lazy"></span> miteinander übereinstimmen. Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81171300b9de9447c5283802ad25972ff229b06a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.935ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Lorentzfaktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzfaktor">Lorentzfaktor</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inverse_der_Speziellen_Lorentz-Transformation">Inverse der Speziellen Lorentz-Transformation</h4></div>
<p>Da <b>B</b> sich relativ zu <b>A</b> mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -v}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05d12e513906523af26c5372b10aee063aa11926.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -v}" loading="lazy"></span> bewegt, wenn <b>A</b> dies relativ zu <b>B</b> mit Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +v}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +v}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d451a1c554029e55da3f728bfdf9a34a189c887f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +v}" loading="lazy"></span> tut, kann man gemäß dem <a href="Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip" title="Relativitätsprinzip">Relativitätsprinzip</a> ihre Rollen vertauschen. In den Transformationsformeln ändert sich dabei nur das Vorzeichen der Geschwindigkeit. Insbesondere gilt auch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=\gamma \left(t'+{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\,x'\right)\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=\gamma \left(t'+{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\,x'\right)\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86b50920d587c7e35ba9f63e12d3f056b107e042.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.424ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=\gamma \left(t'+{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\,x'\right)\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Während für <b>A</b> die Zeit (Uhr) in <b>B</b> (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) anscheinend langsamer läuft als die in <b>A</b>, gilt dies auch andersherum, d. h., für <b>B</b> läuft die Uhr von <b>A</b> (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f387f7b2972118580a512fe1f8ef049ec43ab8a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.275ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) langsamer.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichtliche_Entwicklung">Geschichtliche Entwicklung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Geschichte_der_Lorentz-Transformation" title="Geschichte der Lorentz-Transformation">Geschichte der Lorentz-Transformation</a></i></div>
<p>Die Arbeiten von <a href="Woldemar_Voigt_(Physiker)" title="Woldemar Voigt (Physiker)">Woldemar Voigt</a> (1887), <a href="Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> (1895, 1899, 1904), <a href="Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1897, 1900) und <a href="Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1905), zeigten, dass die Lösungen der Gleichungen der Elektrodynamik durch Lorentz-Transformationen aufeinander abgebildet werden, oder mit anderen Worten, dass die Lorentz-Transformationen Symmetrien der <a href="Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen">Maxwell-Gleichungen</a> sind.
</p><p>Man versuchte damals, die elektromagnetischen Phänomene durch einen hypothetischen <a href="%C3%84ther_(Physik)" title="Äther (Physik)">Äther</a>, ein Übertragungsmedium für elektromagnetische Wellen, zu erklären. Es stellte sich allerdings heraus, dass sich von ihm keine Spur nachweisen ließ. Voigt stellte 1887 Transformationsformeln vor, welche die <a href="Wellengleichung" title="Wellengleichung">Wellengleichung</a> invariant lassen. Die Voigt-Transformation ist jedoch nicht reziprok, bildet also keine <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppe</a>. Voigt nahm an, dass die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Wellen im Ruhesystem des Äthers und in einem Bezugssystem, das sich relativ zu diesem mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit bewegt, gleich ist, ohne dafür eine Erklärung anzugeben.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In seiner <a href="Lorentzsche_%C3%84thertheorie" title="Lorentzsche Äthertheorie">Äthertheorie</a> konnte Lorentz dies dadurch erklären, dass die Längenmaßstäbe sich bei Bewegung in Bewegungsrichtung verkürzen und dass bewegte Uhren eine langsamer verlaufende Zeit anzeigen, die er Ortszeit nannte. Die von Lorentz angegebenen Transformationen der Längen und Zeiten bildeten eine Gruppe und waren damit mathematisch stimmig. Auch wenn in Lorentz’ Äthertheorie eine gleichförmige Bewegung gegenüber dem Äther nicht nachweisbar war, hielt Lorentz an der Vorstellung eines Äthers fest.
</p><p>Einsteins <a href="Spezielle_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Spezielle Relativitätstheorie">spezielle Relativitätstheorie</a> löste <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">Newtons Mechanik</a> und die Ätherhypothese ab. Er leitete seine Theorie aus dem <a href="Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip" title="Relativitätsprinzip">Relativitätsprinzip</a> ab, dass sich im Vakuum unter Vernachlässigung von gravitativen Effekten Ruhe nicht von gleichförmiger Bewegung unterscheiden lässt. Insbesondere hat Licht im Vakuum für jeden Beobachter dieselbe Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Zeit- und Ortskoordinaten, mit denen zwei gleichförmig bewegte Beobachter Ereignisse bezeichnen, hängen dann durch eine Lorentz-Transformation miteinander zusammen anstatt wie in Newtons Mechanik durch eine <a href="Galilei-Transformation" title="Galilei-Transformation">Galilei-Transformation</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschwindigkeitsaddition">Geschwindigkeitsaddition</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Relativistisches_Additionstheorem_f%C3%BCr_Geschwindigkeiten" title="Relativistisches Additionstheorem für Geschwindigkeiten">Relativistisches Additionstheorem für Geschwindigkeiten</a></i></div>
<p>Zwei hintereinander ausgeführte Lorentz-Boosts in dieselbe Richtung mit Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98d33f5d498d528bd8c10edc8ac8c34347f32b3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb04c423c2cb809c30cac725befa14ffbf4c85f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben wieder einen Lorentz-Boost mit der Gesamtgeschwindigkeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {v}{c}}={\frac {{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}{1+{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}\cdot {\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>v</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {v}{c}}={\frac {{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}{1+{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}\cdot {\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2276740444f9fbc52dc1896feac310e80f2da61e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:17.157ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {v}{c}}={\frac {{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}+{\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}{1+{\frac {v_{1}}{c}}\cdot {\frac {v_{2}}{c}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Gleichung zeigt, dass sich die Lichtgeschwindigkeit bei Lorentz-Transformationen nicht ändert. Ist etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98d33f5d498d528bd8c10edc8ac8c34347f32b3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Lichtgeschwindigkeit, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v_{1}}{c}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v_{1}}{c}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea9d41cabfdd48d36fa2f441eca00988aee5a505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.726ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v_{1}}{c}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=c{\tfrac {1+v_{2}/c}{1+v_{2}/c}}=c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=c{\tfrac {1+v_{2}/c}{1+v_{2}/c}}=c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3846b4d6bc00d56d614ec16773c6f489207823bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.438ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=c{\tfrac {1+v_{2}/c}{1+v_{2}/c}}=c}" loading="lazy"></span> ebenfalls die Lichtgeschwindigkeit.
</p><p>Hintereinander ausgeführte Lorentz-Boosts in verschiedene Richtungen ergeben im Allgemeinen keine Lorentz-Boosts, sondern eine allgemeine Lorentz-Transformation: Die Menge der Lorentz-Boosts ist keine Untergruppe der Lorentz-Transformationen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz-Invariante">Lorentz-Invariante</h3></div>
<p><span id="Lorentz-Invarianz"></span>Eine Größe, die sich bei Lorentz-Transformationen nicht ändert, heißt <b>Lorentz-Invariante</b> oder <b>Lorentz-Skalar</b>. Bei einem physikalischen System oder Vorgang beschreibt eine Lorentz-Invariante eine Eigenschaft, die von allen Inertialsystemen aus mit gleichem Wert beobachtet wird, wie z. B. die Lichtgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>, die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Teilchenzahl, die <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrische Ladung</a> etc.
</p><p>Bei einem Lorentz-Boost in Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich zeigen, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}t'^{2}-x'^{2}=c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">′</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">′</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}t'^{2}-x'^{2}=c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7b39655c61ad0925399a71d81842f8afb71ff5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:22.362ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}t'^{2}-x'^{2}=c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gelten muss. Der Ausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7e2461b26ffde795384382663866458cb1e93e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.179ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-x^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also eine Invariante der Lorentz-Transformation, d. h. in allen unter Lorentz-Transformationen verbundenen Koordinatensystemen konstant.
</p><p>In drei Raumdimensionen ist die <a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Norm</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e2d20e78df67d18207a64d314d558719f984cb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.029ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle c^{2}t^{2}-(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> die einzige Möglichkeit, eine Lorentz-Invariante zu bilden. Z. B. ist die Norm des Energie-Impuls-Vektors die mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> multiplizierte Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle mc}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle mc}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3576df091e748829cc235089e480461c0de0736f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.047ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mc}" loading="lazy"></span>, und die Norm des Drehimpulsvektors ist der lorentzinvariante Betrag des Eigendrehimpulses. Auch der Abstand zweier Ereignisse, also die Norm der Differenz der <a href="Vierervektor" title="Vierervektor">Vierervektoren</a> der beiden Weltpunkte, ist lorentzinvariant. Bei zwei Vierervektoren ist auch ihr Skalarprodukt lorentzinvariant. Ein Tensor 2. Stufe hat eine lorentzinvariante Spur etc.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz-Kontraktion_und_Invarianz_der_transversalen_Koordinaten">Lorentz-Kontraktion und Invarianz der transversalen Koordinaten</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Spezielle_Lorentz-Transformation" title="Spezielle Lorentz-Transformation">Spezielle Lorentz-Transformation</a> und <a href="Lorentzkontraktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzkontraktion">Lorentzkontraktion</a></i></div>
<p>Für einen Lorentz-Boost mit beliebig gerichteter Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich der Koordinatenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}=(x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}=(x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fe5622ace035bf6747042a78d531deacf8d81a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.772ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}=(x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> des Ereignisses in zwei Komponenten<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {r}}={\vec {r_{\parallel }}}+{\vec {r_{\bot }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {r}}={\vec {r_{\parallel }}}+{\vec {r_{\bot }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2caf9b4342f736d4bd7be17a9f0be4495e09a13f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.045ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {r}}={\vec {r_{\parallel }}}+{\vec {r_{\bot }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zerlegen. Die Indizes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66ed42f2e3eab99383c61f27773eba258aefeaac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \perp }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \perp }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afb90d6db42aa12f9e2f31176a4ed4e741c69eca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \perp }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnen dabei die parallele bzw. eine rechtwinklige Richtung zur Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die transformierten Koordinaten sind dann durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}{c^{2}}}\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\parallel }'=\gamma \left({\vec {r}}_{\parallel }-{\vec {v}}t\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\bot }'={\vec {r}}_{\bot }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
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<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
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<mo>′</mo>
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<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}{c^{2}}}\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\parallel }'=\gamma \left({\vec {r}}_{\parallel }-{\vec {v}}t\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\bot }'={\vec {r}}_{\bot }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6251c1e059946e17e97daee5bc009634dbeae9de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.273ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}{c^{2}}}\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\parallel }'=\gamma \left({\vec {r}}_{\parallel }-{\vec {v}}t\right),\qquad {\vec {r}}_{\bot }'={\vec {r}}_{\bot }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben. Ein von den Beobachtern im gestrichenen System gemessener Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a9e3a3ef3129c0385fd606669b72084f0340b2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.908ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}'}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nur in Bewegungsrichtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\parallel }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\parallel }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/061b59566c5306a1db95f991b265ac47706fefcf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.324ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\parallel }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> verkürzt. Dieser Effekt wird Lorentz-Kontraktion genannt. Bei Maßstäben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\bot }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\bot }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67ee8a9eb96199689c752584063c5ea573463aab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.559ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r_{\bot }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung wirkt sich die <a href="Relativit%C3%A4t_der_Gleichzeitigkeit" title="Relativität der Gleichzeitigkeit">Relativität der Gleichzeitigkeit</a> nicht aus. Zusammengefasst lauten diese Gleichungen in der Matrixschreibweise mit <a href="Vierervektor" title="Vierervektor">Vierervektoren</a> (und der <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/becba5d3350c4dd244f3cda48eb13439f21ed350.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}ct'\\{\vec {r}}'\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma {\vec {v}}^{T}/c\\-\gamma {\vec {v}}/c&\mathrm {I} _{3}+(\gamma -1){\vec {v}}{\vec {v}}^{T}/v^{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}ct\\{\vec {r}}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}ct'\\{\vec {r}}'\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma {\vec {v}}^{T}/c\\-\gamma {\vec {v}}/c&\mathrm {I} _{3}+(\gamma -1){\vec {v}}{\vec {v}}^{T}/v^{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}ct\\{\vec {r}}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/195610445110ac45ff528dbc7c8ba4e16b8584e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:47.885ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}ct'\\{\vec {r}}'\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma {\vec {v}}^{T}/c\\-\gamma {\vec {v}}/c&\mathrm {I} _{3}+(\gamma -1){\vec {v}}{\vec {v}}^{T}/v^{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}ct\\{\vec {r}}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Auf gleiche Weise lassen sich elektromagnetische Felder gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {E}}'_{\perp }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {E}}'_{\perp }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86b2e65bcf01e00d126cf836a2e8ebefc3e45432.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.515ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {E}}'_{\perp }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {B}}'_{\perp }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {B}}'_{\perp }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d269e3b8655b9b7e9f049bae6acee2e077a79d78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.481ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}'_{\parallel }+{\vec {B}}'_{\perp }}" loading="lazy"></span> in Komponenten zerlegen.<sup id="cite_ref-Feynman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feynman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man erhält die (skalaren) Feldkoordinaten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E'_{\parallel }&=E_{\parallel }\\B'_{\parallel }&=B_{\parallel }\\E'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\right)_{\perp }\\B'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {B}}-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}}{c^{2}}}\right)_{\perp }.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E'_{\parallel }&=E_{\parallel }\\B'_{\parallel }&=B_{\parallel }\\E'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\right)_{\perp }\\B'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {B}}-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}}{c^{2}}}\right)_{\perp }.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8b7e29062c125c1c41cd4a47842c369ba097bce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.248ex; margin-bottom: -0.257ex; width:25.458ex; height:20.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E'_{\parallel }&=E_{\parallel }\\B'_{\parallel }&=B_{\parallel }\\E'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\right)_{\perp }\\B'_{\perp }&=\gamma \left({\vec {B}}-{\frac {{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}}{c^{2}}}\right)_{\perp }.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In nichtrelativistischer Näherung, d. h. für Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\ll c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\ll c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eeae20cf8308560968c220b5c0da3d2b6a48e8d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\ll c}" loading="lazy"></span>, gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma \approx 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma \approx 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fcbd0174b5d1b88845a6b75ee34893bda890f25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.523ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma \approx 1}" loading="lazy"></span>. In diesem Fall braucht nicht zwischen Orten und Zeiten in verschiedenen Bezugssystemen unterschieden zu werden und für die Feldgrößen gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\\&{\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}-(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}\\&{\vec {E}}={\vec {E}}'-{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}'\\&{\vec {B}}={\vec {B}}'+(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}'\\\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\\&{\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}-(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}\\&{\vec {E}}={\vec {E}}'-{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}'\\&{\vec {B}}={\vec {B}}'+(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}'\\\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9798bb9591badd511cece78c264634d01c580e7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.005ex; width:23.574ex; height:15.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\vec {E}}'={\vec {E}}+{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}\\&{\vec {B}}'={\vec {B}}-(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}\\&{\vec {E}}={\vec {E}}'-{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}'\\&{\vec {B}}={\vec {B}}'+(1/{{c}^{2}}){\vec {v}}\times {\vec {E}}'\\\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>Um die Formeln einfach zu halten, wird als <a href="L%C3%A4ngeneinheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Längeneinheit">Längeneinheit</a> die Strecke gewählt, die Licht in einer Sekunde zurücklegt. Dann haben Zeit und Länge <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Einheiten" title="Natürliche Einheiten">dieselbe Maßeinheit</a> und die dimensionslose Lichtgeschwindigkeit beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3467f9e219a5ea38a30da5c3a02c2c23f61a79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> wird also in Einheiten der Lichtgeschwindigkeit gemessen.
</p><p>Die erste Herleitung beruhte auf der Invarianz der Wellengleichung im Rahmen der elastischen Lichttheorie. Später wurde gezeigt, dass die Lorentz-Transformationsformeln, die den Ausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa44343d343b52164bd463ee497b0dc8d13a0180.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.414ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und somit die Form von Lichtkugelwellen invariant lassen, sich rigoros aus der elektromagnetischen Wellengleichung (und somit aus den <a href="Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen">Maxwell-Gleichungen</a>) herleiten lassen, sofern die Forderung nach Linearität und Reziprozität berücksichtigt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Rahmen der Elektrodynamik kann die Herleitung der Lorentz-Transformation auch unter Berücksichtigung des Potentials einer bewegten Ladung (<a href="Li%C3%A9nard-Wiechert-Potential" title="Liénard-Wiechert-Potential">Liénard-Wiechert-Potential</a>) erfolgen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darüber hinaus gibt es eine größere Gruppe von <a href="Kugelwellentransformation" title="Kugelwellentransformation">Kugelwellentransformationen</a>, welche den Ausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \lambda \left(\delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \lambda \left(\delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20d5087795754fbfd8c9c30634d264d9f51364b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.286ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \lambda \left(\delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}-c^{2}\delta t^{2}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> invariant lassen. Jedoch nur die Lorentz-Transformationen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =1}">
<semantics>
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/543b4490416437b7c80ea473bbcac0e4ab7a7f11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =1}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden alle Naturgesetze einschließlich der Mechanik symmetrisch ab und gehen für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\to \infty }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/532c440a13204c3dabd0b254a735638eb11b9fa1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.945ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> in die Galilei-Transformation über.
</p><p>Herleitungen in modernen Lehrbüchern beruhen überwiegend auf der Interpretation der Transformationen im Sinne der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie, wonach diese Raum und Zeit selbst betreffen, und sind unabhängig von Annahmen zur Elektrodynamik. Einstein (1905) benutzte dabei <a href="Einsteinsche_Postulate" title="Einsteinsche Postulate">zwei Postulate</a>: das Relativitätsprinzip und das Prinzip der Konstanz der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Allgemeinere Herleitungen, welche auf <a href="Wladimir_Ignatowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladimir Ignatowski">Wladimir Ignatowski</a> (1910) zurückgehen, beruhen auf gruppentheoretischen Erwägungen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herleitung_aus_den_einsteinschen_Postulaten">Herleitung aus den einsteinschen Postulaten</h3></div>
<p>Die folgenden Überlegungen sollen klären, wie die Koordinaten inertialer Beobachter zusammenhängen. Ein inertialer Beobachter ist dabei ein Beobachter, der fest mit seinem Inertialsystem verbunden ist. Um die Zeit und den Ort eines bestimmten Ereignisses zu benennen, verwendet ein inertialer Beobachter Koordinaten. In der nachfolgenden Herleitung darf angenommen werden, dass sich beide Beobachter im Koordinatenursprung ihres Systems befinden. Die Lorentz-Transformation soll dann zwischen den Koordinaten der beiden Inertialsysteme transformieren. Das zweite Inertialsystem soll sich mit einer Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> gleichförmig entlang der x-Achse des ersten Inertialsystems bewegen. Die beiden Beobachter sollen hier Anna und Bert heißen. Annas Koordinatensystem wird in der Literatur oftmals auch nur mit S für System bezeichnet. Annas System S wird durch die vier reellen Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9df423d847ba8083b4882c6cffdaf9ace0bc0d48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.515ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. Berts System S' wird durch die gestrichenen Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x',y',z',t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x',y',z',t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20e1f753a74209ca1f8fcf2fa0e235d93d43d7ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.261ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x',y',z',t'}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. Die Koordinaten werden in ihrem jeweils zugehörigen System als rechtwinklig vorausgesetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linearität"><span id="Linearit.C3.A4t"></span>Linearität</h4></div>
<p>Für alle gleichförmig bewegten Beobachter durchlaufen freie Teilchen gerade Weltlinien. Daher muss die Transformation Geraden auf Geraden abbilden. Mathematisch besagt dies, dass die Transformation linear ist.
</p><p>Stimmen beide Beobachter in der Wahl des Zeitnullpunkts und des räumlichen Ursprungs überein, dann ist die gesuchte Transformation linear und homogen.
</p><p>Bert bewegt sich relativ zu Anna mit der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Koordinatensysteme werden so orientiert, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/868106c4dab7e143519d80dfb0ce9ca91f367330.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,x'}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> auf einer Gerade in einer Richtung liegen. Dann kann man sich auf die Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ef10a0c06f8a5238d439b9a7bde431605db5190.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.203ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,t}" loading="lazy"></span> beschränken.
</p><p>Die gesuchte Lorentz-Transformation lautet dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=et+fx.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=et+fx.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86c7b3b9fbbd14159e3c106bfd87477bcebd7d95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=et+fx.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Folgenden werden nun die Unbekannten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b,e,f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b,e,f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/056a9ad48bc53531390b5666ee622d291446aeb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b,e,f}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Hilfe der einsteinschen Postulate berechnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lichtkegel">Lichtkegel</h4></div>
<p>Ein Lichtimpuls, den Anna zur Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> losschickt, wird durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=\pm t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=\pm t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1849a91d0fae7242f99c0b36b7c7352aeea6956.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.076ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=\pm t}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben. Da die Lichtgeschwindigkeit absolut ist, muss für Bert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'=\pm t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'=\pm t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05ad9dabcfb41d85d45ef30d88de5c5028c60d97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.445ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'=\pm t'}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten. Die Gleichungen mit dem Pluszeichen erfordern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e+f=a+b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e+f=a+b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02e9a92af4bb9033f6da53c7f448c5199716516.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.369ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e+f=a+b}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Gleichungen mit dem Minuszeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e-f=-a+b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e-f=-a+b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f9be164fa9d7bdc0f9b0b611ebef52bf2d79579.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.177ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e-f=-a+b}" loading="lazy"></span>. Daraus folgen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93fae9d193cf06a51cc64c70145c0efb353cc4e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.18ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=b}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4947e4191a75fb56c573f7d73df3d7ac4595417.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.607ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=a}" loading="lazy"></span>, und daraus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=bt+ax.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=bt+ax.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b15fab1c9b2b742a166f9af7e6decfd2b52b5f15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.213ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=at+bx,\quad x'=bt+ax.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies gilt für alle Lorentz-Transformationen, unabhängig von der Relativgeschwindigkeit der Beobachter.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relativgeschwindigkeit">Relativgeschwindigkeit</h4></div>
<p>Anna beschreibt Berts Bewegung durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=vt}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=vt}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ddbcba4a341272d4181ee30870da628260d04d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.395ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=vt}" loading="lazy"></span>, Bert seine eigene durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c83e9934d305d27c47babdf8284c237f79453d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.275ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Lorentz-Transformation von Annas zu Berts Koordinatensystem muss diese beiden Ausdrücke ineinander überführen. Aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=bt+avt=(b+av)t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=bt+avt=(b+av)t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95fb83b124330c51c869fc81468973bc9896f0f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.191ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=bt+avt=(b+av)t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=-av}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=-av}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d4522bb7b812b8f9a8ae26929fbd16509ccffab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.262ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=-av}" loading="lazy"></span>, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=a(t-vx),\quad x'=a(x-vt).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=a(t-vx),\quad x'=a(x-vt).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afe532a31ed1923d369962a279af374f34cb100e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.092ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=a(t-vx),\quad x'=a(x-vt).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wie man leicht nachrechnet, lautet die umgekehrte Transformation
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={\frac {t'+vx'}{a(1-v^{2})}},\quad x={\frac {x'+vt'}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={\frac {t'+vx'}{a(1-v^{2})}},\quad x={\frac {x'+vt'}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5135ad1be722bc1f0e73ca75ac4faa710bc31c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:32.489ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={\frac {t'+vx'}{a(1-v^{2})}},\quad x={\frac {x'+vt'}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es bleibt noch der Vorfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> zu bestimmen. Von den Koordinaten kann er nicht abhängen, sonst wäre die Lorentz-Transformation nichtlinear. Bleibt also eine Abhängigkeit von der Relativgeschwindigkeit. Man schreibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=a(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=a(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d7df9e62df706c8c323dcae2edb170e84fee2b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.495ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=a(v)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da die Lorentz-Transformation nicht von der Richtung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängen soll, gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=a(|v|)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=a(|v|)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d73fa3e84a8a14cad3a39268e15a5835cd504.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.789ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=a(|v|)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vorfaktor">Vorfaktor</h4></div>
<p>In der obigen Rechnung wurde die Rechnung so angelegt, dass die Koordinaten eines Ereignisses in Berts Inertialsystem aus Annas ungestrichenen Koordinaten berechnet werden. Aufgrund des Relativitätsprinzips muss aber für die umgekehrte Transformation genau das gleiche Gesetz gelten. Vertauscht man also bei der oben angegebenen Transformation die gestrichenen und ungestrichenen Koordinaten und ersetzt zusätzlich das Vorzeichen der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span>, so muss aus der Transformation die umgekehrte Transformation folgen, die oben auch bereits angegeben wurde. Die eben beschriebene Vertauschung ergibt die zwei folgenden Gleichungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=a(t'+vx'),\quad x=a(x'+vt').}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=a(t'+vx'),\quad x=a(x'+vt').}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c5cfbf85abea36eca2907b4321416994dbb0129.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.461ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=a(t'+vx'),\quad x=a(x'+vt').}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch einen Vergleich mit der oben angegebenen umgekehrten Transformation findet man nun die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {1}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {1}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/233dfd391eb1e6feec6df77d867a5c513629bb41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.035ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {1}{a(1-v^{2})}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und daraus dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(v)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(v)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0fe3513e5cb4fb8ad48810a577da547cb93c172.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.61ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(v)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit der Abkürzung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =a(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =a(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83e03e0e09cd55f2d066fba537ae4aedf8eafd0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.528ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =a(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma (t-vx),\quad x'=\gamma (x-vt).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=\gamma (t-vx),\quad x'=\gamma (x-vt).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d792db99c150c13c413499aeeeaf9ae261fbbd6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.157ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma (t-vx),\quad x'=\gamma (x-vt).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und daraus schließlich die bekannte Form der gesuchten Lorentz-Transformation
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-\left({\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\right)x\right),\qquad x'=\gamma (x-vt),\qquad \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-({\frac {v}{c}})^{2}}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-\left({\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\right)x\right),\qquad x'=\gamma (x-vt),\qquad \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-({\frac {v}{c}})^{2}}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aa5d5af031ff6a8c8771b8047e3cb113d84bae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:64.143ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t'=\gamma \left(t-\left({\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\right)x\right),\qquad x'=\gamma (x-vt),\qquad \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-({\frac {v}{c}})^{2}}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herleitung_aus_der_Zeitdilatation">Herleitung aus der Zeitdilatation</h3></div>
<p>Mit einem Argument von Macdonald<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kann man die Transformationsformeln aus der <a href="Zeitdilatation" title="Zeitdilatation">Zeitdilatation</a> gewinnen. An einer Lichtfront, die sich in positiver x-Richtung bewegt, hat die Differenzkoordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct-x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct-x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17666ae594956231cc3219afb3917db2bcb733b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.017ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct-x}" loading="lazy"></span> überall denselben Wert, ebenso <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'-x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'-x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0048826740f284ad14153bfe75517f52ed76dbb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.386ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'-x'}" loading="lazy"></span>. Man betrachtet eine Front, die durch das Ereignis E geht und irgendwann (vorher oder nachher) auf den bewegten Koordinatenursprung O' trifft, der langsamer als Licht sein muss. Wegen der gleichbleibenden Werte stehen die Differenzkoordinaten bei E in derselben Beziehung zueinander wie am Punkt O'. An diesem gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0,\ x=vt}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0,\ x=vt}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23cf8a62073743e57ebcbfbca104300c694e184d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.285ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x'=0,\ x=vt}" loading="lazy"></span>, sowie nach der <a href="Zeitdilatation" title="Zeitdilatation">Dilatationsformel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle t=\gamma t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle t=\gamma t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd1b30e926ba849456ed25824ade24cd41a9c83e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.725ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle t=\gamma t'}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c7f6918b732365895eaf989d0dd7ffb4728ffd5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.418ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Für die Differenzkoordinaten gilt daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct-x=\left(1-{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'-x')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct-x=\left(1-{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'-x')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9d167be37f4cb0b477d3905ba8c58c822dad395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.702ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct-x=\left(1-{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'-x')}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Analog hat an einer Lichtfront, die sich in negativer x-Richtung bewegt, die Summenkoordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct+x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct+x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3138b3fc643c8973730bf1a1540597a828fca82c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.017ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct+x}" loading="lazy"></span> überall denselben Wert, ebenso <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'+x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'+x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ed1973b2b4f67b7754fc565483b4df1fdf8ebc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.386ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle ct'+x'}" loading="lazy"></span>. Auch eine solche Front geht durch E (mit gleichen Koordinaten wie oben) und durch O' (zu einem anderen Zeitpunkt als oben). In der Gleichung analog zur vorhergehenden werden nun Summen statt Differenzen gebildet, daher lautet sie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct+x=\left(1+{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'+x')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct+x=\left(1+{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'+x')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b01e79e1d1214a43e08143103f6471ac1ad12d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.702ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct+x=\left(1+{\frac {v}{c}}\right)\gamma (ct'+x')}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Addition und Subtraktion der beiden Gleichungen ergibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72479bb6f1dc1b592b57dd9fed06d5f50030a804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.846ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktion von
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ct'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ct'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23969b00bf6d4ac97e6b4058b9af2eb87ee3bf96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.531ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ct'}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac74959896052e160a5953102e4bc3850fe93b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.014ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empirische_Herleitung">Empirische Herleitung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Testtheorien_der_speziellen_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Testtheorien der speziellen Relativitätstheorie">Testtheorien der speziellen Relativitätstheorie</a></i></div>
<p><a href="Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Howard P. Robertson</a> und andere zeigten, dass die Lorentz-Transformation auch empirisch hergeleitet werden kann. Dazu ist es nötig, allgemeine Transformationsformeln zwischen verschiedenen Inertialsystemen mit experimentell bestimmbaren Parametern zu versehen. Es wird angenommen, dass ein einziges „bevorzugtes“ Inertialsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X,Y,Z,T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X,Y,Z,T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b048918c17de4e4a55d585170454117fe520b7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.172ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X,Y,Z,T}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert, in dem die Lichtgeschwindigkeit konstant, isotrop und unabhängig von der Geschwindigkeit der Quelle ist. Ebenso sollen <a href="Einstein-Synchronisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein-Synchronisation">Einstein-Synchronisation</a> und Synchronisation durch langsamen Uhrentransport in diesem System äquivalent sein. Es sei ein weiteres, zu diesem System kollineares System <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9df423d847ba8083b4882c6cffdaf9ace0bc0d48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.515ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y,z,t}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben, dessen räumlicher Ursprung zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7e3dea4d13146f5203a3f506bdd1e62066bb0c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.835ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Ursprung des ersten Systems übereinstimmt und in dem die Uhren und Maßstäbe dieselbe interne Konstitution haben wie im ersten System. Dieses zweite System bewegt sich relativ zum ersten System mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit entlang der gemeinsamen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>-Achse. Folgende Größen bleiben dabei zunächst unbestimmt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e83671542bb0122913c738848ce0e80d0d246bde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> Unterschiede in der Zeitmessung,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a884f8315c4538f1dba6bd15df02d9833e9cfad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.934ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> Unterschiede in der Messung longitudinaler Längen,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a957838fc14ceeffef8dc6ba66fad2680cae3656.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.153ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> Unterschiede in der Messung transversaler Längen,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35c6433d42245ad4152fa74ccca04f407cedb838.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.02ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt aus der Konvention zur Uhrensynchronisation.</li></ul>
<p>Daraus ergeben sich folgende Transformationsformeln:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=a(v)T+\varepsilon (v)x\\x&=b(v)(X-vT)\\y&=d(v)Y\\z&=d(v)Z\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=a(v)T+\varepsilon (v)x\\x&=b(v)(X-vT)\\y&=d(v)Y\\z&=d(v)Z\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9d598b91ee1e7bc45e71f507ccf65fffb24059e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:19.173ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}t&=a(v)T+\varepsilon (v)x\\x&=b(v)(X-vT)\\y&=d(v)Y\\z&=d(v)Z\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35c6433d42245ad4152fa74ccca04f407cedb838.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.02ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (v)}" loading="lazy"></span> wird nicht direkt gemessen, sondern folgt aus der Uhrensynchronisationskonvention. Hier ist die Einstein-Synchronisation die einfachste Möglichkeit, woraus sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \varepsilon (v)=-v/c^{2}}">
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<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d(v)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a957838fc14ceeffef8dc6ba66fad2680cae3656.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.153ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> wird aus dem <a href="Michelson-Morley-Experiment" title="Michelson-Morley-Experiment">Michelson-Morley-Experiment</a>, das Verhältnis zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(v)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(v)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e83671542bb0122913c738848ce0e80d0d246bde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b(v)}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b(v)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a884f8315c4538f1dba6bd15df02d9833e9cfad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.934ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem <a href="Kennedy-Thorndike-Experiment" title="Kennedy-Thorndike-Experiment">Kennedy-Thorndike-Experiment</a> und schließlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(v)}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(v)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e83671542bb0122913c738848ce0e80d0d246bde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(v)}" loading="lazy"></span> allein aus dem <a href="Ives-Stilwell-Experiment" title="Ives-Stilwell-Experiment">Ives-Stilwell-Experiment</a> bestimmt. Die Experimente ergaben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle 1/a(v)=b(v)=\gamma }">
<semantics>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle 1/a(v)=b(v)=\gamma }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b102587ae7f3406143e6548245500e671d052afa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.885ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle 1/a(v)=b(v)=\gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d(v)=1}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d(v)=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62025511fdca05220604a3a5613ecf7c07e07665.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.414ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d(v)=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, was obige Transformation in die Lorentz-Transformation überführt. Hingegen wurde die Galilei-Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a(v)=b(v)=d(v)=1}">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a(v)=b(v)=d(v)=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7397ee5446b7ef54645e485250e14bf5f7c164b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.712ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a(v)=b(v)=d(v)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> damit ausgeschlossen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poincaré-_und_Lorentz-Gruppe"><span id="Poincar.C3.A9-_und_Lorentz-Gruppe"></span>Poincaré- und Lorentz-Gruppe</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Lorentz-Gruppe" title="Lorentz-Gruppe">Lorentz-Gruppe</a> und <a href="Poincar%C3%A9-Gruppe" title="Poincaré-Gruppe">Poincaré-Gruppe</a></i></div>
<p>Die Poincaré-<a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppe</a> ist die Menge der linear inhomogenen Transformationen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{\Lambda ,a}\colon x\mapsto T_{\Lambda ,a}x=x^{\prime },\quad x^{\prime \,m}=\Lambda ^{m}{}_{n}\,x^{n}+a^{m},\quad m,n\in \{0,1,2,3\},}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{\Lambda ,a}\colon x\mapsto T_{\Lambda ,a}x=x^{\prime },\quad x^{\prime \,m}=\Lambda ^{m}{}_{n}\,x^{n}+a^{m},\quad m,n\in \{0,1,2,3\},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4deab921ed119558e0f10c9a4bfcde2a9e9b0bfb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:65.411ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{\Lambda ,a}\colon x\mapsto T_{\Lambda ,a}x=x^{\prime },\quad x^{\prime \,m}=\Lambda ^{m}{}_{n}\,x^{n}+a^{m},\quad m,n\in \{0,1,2,3\},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die den Abstand zweier Vierervektoren invariant lassen. Die Untergruppe der homogenen Transformationen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle T_{\Lambda ,0}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle T_{\Lambda ,0}}</annotation>
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<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eca05945bedd6bc1c6def9b309fc0130fa42ff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}" loading="lazy"></span>, das ist die Gruppe der linearen Transformationen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae778e765f712ab51d47a68fc4bebd21242b4917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae778e765f712ab51d47a68fc4bebd21242b4917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die das Längenquadrat
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w^{2}=t^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2}}">
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<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<p>jedes Vektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/967037710ccf047954a6710b65db6c437de141ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.087ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae778e765f712ab51d47a68fc4bebd21242b4917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> invariant lassen.
Schreiben wir das Längenquadrat als <a href="Matrixprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrixprodukt">Matrixprodukt</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/500391dd990b71bcc0a858fa06e4418c6f35ba2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.691ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>des Spaltenvektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta ={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta ={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/718e5c51c458c9c4705cbf00c860525a41c40fc0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:26.128ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta ={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und der transponierten Spalte, der Zeile <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle w^{\mathrm {T} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle w^{\mathrm {T} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8db13f1da025f610bbf6e6318aa77c24d733c75c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.083ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle w^{\mathrm {T} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, so muss für jeden Lorentz-transformierten Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/047096dd49cca2f6f3e676b4ba6fdd0387863ec1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.277ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda w}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda \,w=w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda \,w=w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25f68e957eb437832e7b66bc30fa348dc83ed641.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.159ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda \,w=w^{\mathrm {T} }\,\eta \,w.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist genau dann der Fall, wenn die Lorentz-Transformation die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda =\eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda =\eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c01768a39168ef0e7146d22b457f6ad915a07be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.469ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{\mathrm {T} }\eta \,\Lambda =\eta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt.
</p><p>Alle Lösungen dieser Gleichung, die die Zeitrichtung und räumliche Orientierung nicht umdrehen, sind von der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda =D_{1}\,\Lambda _{v}\,D_{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda =D_{1}\,\Lambda _{v}\,D_{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/096b9bf5456757a45a83332c215e520f293dac12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.732ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda =D_{1}\,\Lambda _{v}\,D_{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7714158afb63a98e7dbc6e885f70d9141c6923a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41b3839c40bd06e3dfea10798dfab41a905af256.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> Drehungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D={\begin{pmatrix}1&\\&D_{3\times 3}\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad D_{3\times 3}^{\mathrm {T} }\,D_{3\times 3}=\mathbf {1} ,\quad \det D_{3\times 3}=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D={\begin{pmatrix}1&\\&D_{3\times 3}\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad D_{3\times 3}^{\mathrm {T} }\,D_{3\times 3}=\mathbf {1} ,\quad \det D_{3\times 3}=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ea02026150e684d4a0b6b26080d6e2e873ed1ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:53.056ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D={\begin{pmatrix}1&\\&D_{3\times 3}\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad D_{3\times 3}^{\mathrm {T} }\,D_{3\times 3}=\mathbf {1} ,\quad \det D_{3\times 3}=1.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Drehungen bilden die Untergruppe <a href="SO(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SO(3)">SO(3)</a> der Lorentz-Gruppe.
Die Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{v}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma \,v&0&0\\-\gamma \,v&\gamma &0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda _{v}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma \,v&0&0\\-\gamma \,v&\gamma &0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7d7d3fa117ccf1d7fa0bf5a255c302545dbfb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:29.022ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{v}={\begin{pmatrix}\gamma &-\gamma \,v&0&0\\-\gamma \,v&\gamma &0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bewirkt die oben angegebene Lorentz-Transformation mit einer Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |v|<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |v|<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9906d3bdcf732af74ffdfea28dcb1fc16a94c3c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.682ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |v|<1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Transformationen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda =D\,\Lambda _{v}\,D^{-1}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda =D\,\Lambda _{v}\,D^{-1}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85ed3881031a99fa9c81db940c6d909ae7bb3413.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.956ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda =D\,\Lambda _{v}\,D^{-1}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißen <i>Lorentz-Boost</i>. Sie transformieren auf die Koordinaten des bewegten Beobachters, der sich mit Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Richtung bewegt, die sich durch die Drehung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung ergibt.
</p><p>Lorentz-Transformationen, die das <a href="Vorzeichen_(Zahl)" title="Vorzeichen (Zahl)">Vorzeichen</a> der Zeitkoordinate, die Richtung der Zeit, nicht ändern,
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/224924765f427c9a89fd7c7d8c9c7d6dd982ed63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.156ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>bilden die Untergruppe der orthochronen Lorentz-Transformationen. Die Lorentz-Transformationen mit
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det \Lambda =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det \Lambda =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a86fe58803f862b2b613663355c5bd3c8308fa32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det \Lambda =1}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>bilden die Untergruppe der eigentlichen Lorentz-Transformationen. Für die orientierungstreuen Lorentz-Transformationen gilt
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\cdot \det \Lambda \geq 1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\cdot \det \Lambda \geq 1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7153d02af2b975836998bbd0729e7a2076a2a9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.064ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\cdot \det \Lambda \geq 1.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Die zeit- und orientierungstreuen Lorentz-Transformationen
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,\quad \det \Lambda =1,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,\quad \det \Lambda =1,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82b4a891319cb9111e4c029f73ac643f6a6219a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.003ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda _{\ 0}^{0}\geq 1,\quad \det \Lambda =1,}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>bilden die eigentliche orthochrone Lorentz-Gruppe. Sie ist zusammenhängend: Jede eigentliche orthochrone Lorentz-Transformation kann durch stetige Veränderung der sechs Parameter, drei für die Drehachse und den Drehwinkel und drei für die Relativgeschwindigkeit der beiden Bezugssysteme, in die identische Abbildung übergeführt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeit-_und_Raumspiegelung">Zeit- und Raumspiegelung</h3></div>
<p>Die nicht mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenhängenden Lorentz-Transformationen erhält man, indem man die Zeitspiegelung oder die Raumspiegelung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\mathcal {P}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\mathcal {P}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e665c67114a87efa0889412f411615bde87cb8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:53.297ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}={\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}},\quad {\mathcal {P}}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder beide mit den Lorentz-Transformationen multipliziert, die mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenhängen. Die Lorentz-Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eca05945bedd6bc1c6def9b309fc0130fa42ff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}" loading="lazy"></span> hat vier Zusammenhangskomponenten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Überlagerungsgruppe"><span id=".C3.9Cberlagerungsgruppe"></span>Überlagerungsgruppe</h2></div>
<p>Die folgenden Überlegungen zeigen, dass die Gruppe der linearen Transformationen des zweidimensionalen, komplexen Vektorraumes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f22c8f6c9b633834d297e457a81a7210d9a507b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Determinante den speziellen Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> hat, die sogenannte <a href="Spezielle_lineare_Gruppe" title="Spezielle lineare Gruppe">spezielle lineare Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span>, die <a href="Zusammenh%C3%A4ngender_Raum" title="Zusammenhängender Raum">einfach zusammenhängende</a> <a href="%C3%9Cberlagerung_(Topologie)" title="Überlagerung (Topologie)">Überlagerung</a> der eigentlichen orthochronen Lorentz-Transformationen ist. Dabei überlagert die Untergruppe der speziellen unitären zweidimensionalen Transformationen, <a href="SU(2)" title="SU(2)">SU(2)</a> die Gruppe der Drehungen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8366fc6e92660ba077b87b745b305a4176b1d1ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} (3)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Jede <a href="Hermitesche_Matrix" title="Hermitesche Matrix">hermitesche</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\times 2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8a0e3400ffb97d67c00267ed50cddfe824cbe80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\times 2}" loading="lazy"></span> – Matrix ist von der Form:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}={\begin{pmatrix}t+z&x-\mathrm {i} y\\x+\mathrm {i} y&t-z\end{pmatrix}}={\hat {w}}^{\mathrm {T} \,*}={\hat {w}}^{\dagger }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}={\begin{pmatrix}t+z&x-\mathrm {i} y\\x+\mathrm {i} y&t-z\end{pmatrix}}={\hat {w}}^{\mathrm {T} \,*}={\hat {w}}^{\dagger }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ef14a85d4f2a86fee3bbd9f6f141f271e8b6ba4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:36.965ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}={\begin{pmatrix}t+z&x-\mathrm {i} y\\x+\mathrm {i} y&t-z\end{pmatrix}}={\hat {w}}^{\mathrm {T} \,*}={\hat {w}}^{\dagger }.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da sie umkehrbar eindeutig durch die vier reellen Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/967037710ccf047954a6710b65db6c437de141ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.087ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w=(t,x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet wird und da Summen und reelle Vielfache hermitescher Matrizen wieder hermitesch sind und zu den Summen und Vielfachen der Vierervektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> gehören, ist sie Element eines vierdimensionalen Vektorraums.
</p><p>Die Determinante
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det {\hat {w}}=t^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det {\hat {w}}=t^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e4ab94c17820413c79afc9d7129d727b1693955.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.538ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det {\hat {w}}=t^{2}-x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist das Längenquadrat des Vierervektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Multipliziert man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90d26e38ca67a9ae90c8739b77c3d035ef682f3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {w}}}" loading="lazy"></span> von links mit einer beliebigen komplexen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd967d734835dc2bf4d3f1b10707f0052a78a650.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.975ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrix und von rechts mit deren adjungierter, so ist das Ergebnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\hat {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\hat {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c848b3d10483ab307134418e4182b01d8b8d0ec3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.996ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\hat {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wieder hermitesch und lässt sich als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28b0daee3e5310b67eb2222b45bea6236d002c69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span> schreiben, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8412f87dfadb6ea4215390b529bfa2d15a44a34f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.705ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}" loading="lazy"></span> linear von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der <i>speziellen</i> linearen Gruppe der komplexen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd967d734835dc2bf4d3f1b10707f0052a78a650.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.975ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrizen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Determinanten den speziellen Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> haben, so stimmt das Längenquadrat von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8412f87dfadb6ea4215390b529bfa2d15a44a34f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.705ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=\Lambda w}" loading="lazy"></span> überein, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ist also eine Lorentz-Transformation. Zu jedem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört so vermöge
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\widehat {\Lambda w}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\widehat {\Lambda w}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50fc1ec1834b50cc5a5751bc32cbc7eeb14aacf8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.007ex; width:14.028ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M{\hat {w}}M^{\dagger }={\widehat {\Lambda w}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine Lorentz-Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eca05945bedd6bc1c6def9b309fc0130fa42ff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Genauer gehört zu jedem Paar <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fd8c97327e5a40a1622bcc4902e1c2f858cf6ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.25ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm M}" loading="lazy"></span> von komplexen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd967d734835dc2bf4d3f1b10707f0052a78a650.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.975ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2\times 2)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Matrizen aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> genau eine Lorentz-Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda (M)=\Lambda (-M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda (M)=\Lambda (-M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5cfb3121e8c0434f1d5c6f13812b327a49d8c431.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.636ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda (M)=\Lambda (-M)}" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Teil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eca05945bedd6bc1c6def9b309fc0130fa42ff1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {O} (1,3)}" loading="lazy"></span>, welcher mit der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/235ffc0f1788b720aef5caa7b97246a84421fd0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.337ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> stetig zusammenhängt. Dieser Teil der Lorentz-Gruppe ist eine Darstellung der Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000a9ac5731338fd38b14f08bfaf6814f2aec65f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2,\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Produktmannigfaltigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61884e65832a0fb29447a9a7e1983748fa34cdef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.149ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einfach zusammenhängend. Die Gruppe der eigentlichen orthochronen Lorentz-Transformationen ist hingegen nicht einfach zusammenhängend:
Drehungen um eine feste Achse mit Winkeln, die von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30cc00f65bbc630448311dd2dc82e7ce5e90985a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =0}" loading="lazy"></span> bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea3e78e29a5fb9c40eaccd171b168c92a5f2d88a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.081ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> anwachsen, bilden in der Drehgruppe einen geschlossenen Kreis. Man kann diese Transformationen nicht stetig in andere Drehungen abändern, so dass dieser Kreis auf einen Punkt zusammenschrumpft.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Charles_Kittel" title="Charles Kittel">Charles Kittel</a>, Walter D. Knight, Malvin A. Ruderman: <i>Mechanik</i> (= <i>Berkeley Physik Kurs.</i> Bd. 1). Vieweg, Braunschweig 1973, ISBN 3-528-08351-4, S. 232: Kap. 11.</li>
<li>Norbert Dragon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itp.uni-hannover.de/fileadmin/arbeitsgruppen/dragon/relativ.pdf"><i>Geometrie der Relativitätstheorie.</i></a> (PDF-Datei; 2,37 MB)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathe-online.at/mathint/struct/applet_b_lorentz.html">Interaktives Java-Applet</a></li>
<li>Video: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.tib.eu/media/19922">Lorentz-Transformationen</a></i>. <a href="J%C3%B6rn_Loviscach" title="Jörn Loviscach">Jörn Loviscach</a> 2013, zur Verfügung gestellt von der <a href="Technische_Informationsbibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Informationsbibliothek">Technischen Informationsbibliothek</a> (TIB), <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5446/19922">10.5446/19922</a></span>.</li>
<li>Video: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.tib.eu/media/19921">Lorentz-Transformation im Detail</a></i>. <a href="J%C3%B6rn_Loviscach" title="Jörn Loviscach">Jörn Loviscach</a> 2013, zur Verfügung gestellt von der <a href="Technische_Informationsbibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Informationsbibliothek">Technischen Informationsbibliothek</a> (TIB), <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5446/19921">10.5446/19921</a></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Klingbeil: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elektromagnetische Feldtheorie: Ein Lehr- und Übungsbuch</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2010, ISBN 3-8348-1403-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>497</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=Sms9MRllvggC&pg=PA497#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.au=Harald+Klingbeil&rft.btitle=Elektromagnetische+Feldtheorie%3A+Ein+Lehr-+und+%C3%9Cbungsbuch&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3834814032&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08647v1">1609.08647v1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Møller: <cite style="font-style:italic">The theory of relativity</cite>. 1952, § 18. The most general Lorentz transformation, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/stream/theoryofrelativi029229mbp#page/n58/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+18.+The+most+general+Lorentz+transformation&rft.au=Christian+M%C3%B8ller&rft.btitle=The+theory+of+relativity&rft.date=1952&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=41" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus W. Kark: <i>Antennen und Strahlungsfelder. Elektromagnetische Wellen auf Leitungen, im Freiraum und ihre Abstrahlung.</i> 3., erweiterte Auflage. Vieweg + Teubner, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-8348-0553-9, Kap. 3.7.1, S. 46</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Feynman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">R. P. Feynman</a>: Lectures On Physics, Vol. II, 26-3, Relativistic transformation of the fields</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="book"><a href="Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das Relativitätsprinzip</cite>. 2. Auflage. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1913, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>38–41</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.au=Max+von+Laue&rft.btitle=Das+Relativit%C3%A4tsprinzip&rft.date=1913&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=38-41&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pub=Vieweg" style="display:none"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Stiegler: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">On the Deduction of the Lorentz-Einstein Transformation from Maxwell's Electromagnetic Field Equations</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Physical Society</cite>. 71. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1958, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>512–513</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1328%2F71%2F3%2F429">10.1088/0370-1328/71/3/429</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.atitle=On+the+Deduction+of+the+Lorentz-Einstein+Transformation+from+Maxwell%27s+Electromagnetic+Field+Equations&rft.au=Karl+Stiegler&rft.date=1958&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0370-1328%2F71%2F3%2F429&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Physical+Society&rft.pages=512-513&rft.volume=71.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="book">Feynman, R.P.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Feynman Lectures on Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>. Basic Books, New York 2013, ISBN 978-0-465-02416-2, 21–6 The potentials for a charge moving with constant velocity; the Lorentz formula (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_21.html#Ch21-S6">caltech.edu</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.atitle=21-6+The+potentials+for+a+charge+moving+with+constant+velocity%3B+the+Lorentz+formula&rft.au=Feynman%2C+R.P.&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780465024162&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pal, Palash B.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nothing but relativity</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807%2F24%2F3%2F312">10.1088/0143-0807/24/3/312</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0302045">physics/0302045</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.atitle=Nothing+but+relativity&rft.au=Pal%2C+Palash+B.&rft.date=2003&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F24%2F3%2F312&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.pages=24" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baccetti, Valentina; Tate, Kyle; Visser, Matt: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Inertial frames without the relativity principle</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of High Energy Physics</cite>. 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>119</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05%282012%29119">10.1007/JHEP05(2012)119</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.1466">1112.1466</a>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...05..119B">2012JHEP...05..119B</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lorentz-Transformation&rft.atitle=Inertial+frames+without+the+relativity+principle&rft.au=Baccetti%2C+Valentina%3B+Tate%2C+Kyle%3B+Visser%2C+...&rft.btitle=Journal+of+High+Energy+Physics&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.1007%2FJHEP05%282012%29119&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=119" style="display:none"> </span>; Siehe Referenzen 5 bis 25.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Macdonald, <i>Derivation of the Lorentz transformation.</i> In: <i>American Journal of Physics.</i> Vol. 49, Issue 5, 1981, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220002-9505%22&key=cql">0002-9505</a></span></span>, S. 493, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0606046v1">aktualisierte Version</a>.</span>
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